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Methodology

This is a practical research study that gathers qualitative data (Creswell, 2012) to analyze the effectiveness of Culturally Responsive Teaching Practices (Gay, 2000) in an Early Childhood Education setting for diverse student learners (Evans, 2017) in Hawai’i.

Research question:

Does Culturally Responsive Teaching Practices support students in understanding, appreciating, and honoring their culture and the culture of others in an early school setting?

Research Design

          In this practical action research, I am gathering data to answer the research question listed above. "A practical action research involves a small-scale research project, narrowly focuses on a specific problem or issue, and is undertaken by individual teachers or teams within a school or school district" (Creswell, 2012). This study is being done to explore the impacts of Culturally Responsive Teaching Practices (CRTP) to build a sense of belonging in the classroom, strengthen students' relationships with their family members, connect with members of their community, and help with students' gain skills in speaking, listening, and writing. To gather this data, I will be implementing CRTP into my curriculum to discover its effects on my students and their learning. Personally, I also hope that this project will help me enhance my teaching philosophy for my future students.

          Implementation of CRTP is based on the framework from James A. Banks’s Transforming Multicultural Education Policy & Practice, Chapter 6 Culturally Responsive Pedagogy by Tyrone C. Howard, 2021. The framework displays five standards as listed:

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  1. Teacher and students producing together through joint activity

  2. Develop language and literacy competence across the curriculum

  3. Connecting school to students’ lives by linking teaching and curriculum to students’ experiences at home and in their communities

  4. Teaching complex thinking

  5. Teaching through conversation, in particular engaging students in instructional conversations

 

          The sample size of this project consists of 17 kindergarten students from August Ahrens Elementary School, all of whom are in my classroom. The students are between the ages 5-6 years old. Of my student population, all students are of Filipino background with some students of Hawaiian, Japanese, and Caucasian backgrounds as well. Six out of 17 students in the class are considered English Language Learners with Ilocano being their first language spoken at home. It is significant to take note of the diversity of the classroom due to the focus of this project.

          I have selected this population of participants because they are students I work with. The students are familiar with the rules and procedures of the classroom and have already built their own type of culture within the class. However, since they also come from multiple cultural backgrounds, I am curious to find out if implementation of this unit would change the dynamics of the classroom in a positive way or it would just stay the same. Selecting my own students will provide further information about my students and their background. This will help me strengthen my teaching practices while enhancing their learning experiences overall. This will also provide the opportunity of determining whether said practices would be effective in an early childhood education setting and if it should be adapted and integrated into a Kindergarten curriculum.

Researcher's Role

          I am the researcher and practitioner of this qualitative study. I will be actively collecting data while conducting lessons to analyze the effectiveness of CRTP and its effects on student learning. My aim of this project is to expose my students to the significance of “culture” in hopes that they will gain an understanding and appreciation of their customs and traditions as well as the customs and traditions of those around them.

          Growing up, my parents were very adamant that I needed to learn English to succeed in life. They spoke to me in Ilocano and I understood the context of their words but I never really mimicked what they said. I was taught that I shouldn't speak Ilocano because I would be looked down upon just as they were when they came to Hawai'i. I was exposed to customs of the Filipino culture but never really understood the history or significance of it. 

          Now that I am older, I regret not attempting to learn the language of my parents and relatives. Although it was their orders that I never spoke Ilocano, I honestly wish that I had adapted to connect with them in that way. I believe that it's a bit more challenging to learn a language at an older age rather than learning it when you're young. I also feel like there has been a big shift in cultural appropriation and appreciation in recent years as opposed to the insensitivities that my parents experienced when first coming to Hawai'i. Additionally, the August Ahrens community has a large Filipino population and a lot of my students' parents speak Ilocano. If I had learned the language, I feel that it would've credited me in a way to be able to communicate and form a deeper relation to my students' families. 

          However, this personal deficiency in the lack of cultural exposure fuels my desire to empower my students' exploration of their own culture. I strongly encourage students who speak another language to share the words they know and continue vocalizing this knowledge. I actively inform parents, who might have the same mindset as my own parents, that their home language is not a hinderance but an asset for their child. In my seven years, I tried different ways to possibly include cultural exploration into the curriculum but because of mandated constraints, it was difficult for me to do so. This is why this study is very important to me; to not only ignite the interest and importance of culture but also to possibly promote the inclusion of this content in elementary education and its core curriculum. 

          To collect data for this project, I am using my self-designed unit plan to assess the CRTP framework as presented in Banks's five standards (listed above.)  I will need to change hats from practitioner to researcher to analyze how the unit effectively fosters CRTP outcomes through the students' survey results, their cooperation in the lessons, and their behavior and how it affects the classroom environment as a whole. 

Culture Pre-survey.png

Figure 1.1 - Pre-survey

          Observations are being done throughout the unit plan and afterwards to analyze the effects of CRTP towards the overall classroom culture and in the students' everyday lives. These observations will take place in the natural setting of the lessons through individual work, student collaboration opportunities, and academic and/or social conversations between students and their peers or students and the instructor (myself.)

Data Collection

          All data collected will be from my Kindergarten classroom of August Ahrens Elementary. I will be collecting student work, pre and post surveys, and conducting observations throughout the study and implementation of my self-designed CRTP unit plan. In the unit plan, the students will be able to identify, ask questions, and gather insight of what is significant in their culture and share this information to the class by contributing to a class cultural cookbook. They will also be exposed to sub-unit lessons throughout that would help in their designing of the cookbook such as informative writing, questioning, senses, and food preparation. I will be collecting writing samples, taking pictures of student products, and observing student behaviors and interactions during lessons and activities that are directly related to and essential to inform the research question.

          Surveys are naturally embedded within this unit as a way to monitor student progress and the impact of the content. An example of the pre-survey given can be showed in Figure 1.1. Additionally, I will be collecting student work samples throughout the unit plan. These surveys and student work samples can provide me with information regarding how CRTPs effectively support student understanding and appreciation of their culture and the culture of others. To protect the identity and privacy of the students, I will not be using or displaying their names or faces in any of the samples or pictures I provide. Only my advisor, Dr. Rayna Fujii and I will have access to all student work and artifacts. All data collected will be kept in a secure location and will be destroyed after this project is completed. All data collected is a part of our regular classroom work.

Methods for Analyzing Data

          Upon completion of the lesson units, I will be generating categories and subcategories for data collection. By doing so, I will be identifying codes and reoccurring themes to interpret the students’ reflections and responses (Dawadi, 2020). All data collected will be from my Kindergarten classroom of August Ahrens Elementary. To protect the identity and privacy of the students, I will use a pseudonym (fake name). All data collected is a part of our regular classroom work.

Considerations & Limitations

          Because I am just using my class as my participants, a small sample size is a limitation of this study. I am hoping all parents sign and approve the consent forms that allow their child’s assignments to be recorded in the data of this study. Another limitation is that this is my first time intentionally integrating a CRTP pedagogy into my curriculum as defined in this study. Although I am broadening my knowledge of this through my literature reviews, it is still a pedagogy I am actively learning about. 

          There might be a slight misunderstanding in defining culture and students or families might experience discomfort if they already have struggles in identifying their own culture(s). This is not something I am anticipating but I want to keep an open mind for my students' experience as well as their family’s. If potential risks occur, I will be sure to set up a meeting and clarify definitions of culture. I will also provide accommodations if necessary, as I would typically do for my lessons if needed.

References cited on "References & Appendix" page
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